Masks

(Blog #10) Tempelhofer Park, Berlin, Germany.

Berlin is a confused landscape that commemorates both victors and victims, both German and other.  –Leila Peacock

The independent advertising company, visitBerlin (n.d.b), describes Tempelhofer Park as having “a six-kilometre cycling, skating and jogging trail, a 2.5-hectare BBQ area, a dog-walking field covering around four hectares and an enormous picnic area … Tempelhofer Freiheit not only offers families the best place to fly a kite … [but] dogs can also romp to their heart’s content – without disturbing other visitors”.

Sounds like any other park, right?

No, unless “any other park” used to be a Nazi-built airport or a site where planes landed almost every minute bringing supplies for the inhabitants of West Berlin.

Tempelhofer Park isn’t just “any other park”. First, it features the building which used to be Tempelhof Airport until it closed in 2008. Also known as the “mother of all airports”, Tempelhof Airport was constructed under National Socialism as a propagandistic display of Nazi glory.

Figure 1: Aerial view of Tempelhof Airport, 1968.

Figure 2: Farewell event marking the official closure of Tempelhof Airport in 2008.

Second, it was the scene of the Berlin Airlift in the 1940s. After the Soviet Union blocked off access to West Berlin in 1948 to starve the city, the western allies responded by airlifting supplies for those in West Berlin, effectively making Tempelhof the city’s lifeline. The Berlin Airlift, in the words of Alfred Grosser, a journalist who emigrated to France as a child with his parents in 1933, “radically changed the international perception of the Germans. Almost overnight, Berlin was transformed from a symbol of Prussianness and National Socialism into a symbol of freedom under threat. The threat was real – but equally real was the pleasant feeling of being suddenly on the ‘good side’” (qtd. in Tempelhofer Freiheit, n.d.).

Figure 3: View of Tempelhof Airport as seen by American pilots as they took off headed for West Berlin.

The Third Reich and the Berlin Airlift are commemorated in different ways.

After the fall of Nazism, Tempelhof Airport continued functioning as a commercial airport. It was only until 1975 when Berlin’s new Tegel Airport was opened that the Nazi architecture began to suffer due to declining passenger volume (Mohr, 2008). After it went out of service in October 2008, the city was faced with the question of what to do with such a big piece of land. There were various proposals for transforming the site into a public space, and in the end, it was decided that the site would be turned into an open-to-all park – Tempelhofer Park officially opened in 2010. Tempelhof Airport’s story is an example of rectification, that is, when a site gains temporary notoriety in the aftermath of violence and/or tragedy but is reintegrated into everyday life because it failed to gain the sense of significance required to be distinguished for commemoration. The huge concrete buildings surely were (and still are) reminders of the inglorious 12 years of German history, but authorities did not see the need to convert it into a historical monument until urban planning became an issue. Today, “the park looks exactly as it did when the last passenger plane took off. The absence of flower beds and ornamental park features … have fuelled criticism … [but] it is precisely this stuck-in-history feeling that gives it a unique edge” (Smee, 2010).

Figure 4: Tempelhofer Park today.

Whereas Hitler’s Airport was rectified, the Berlin Airlift was sanctified. Sanctification, in commemorative practice, is the process of creating a “sacred” space by setting apart a site from its surroundings and dedicating it to the memory of a person, a group, and/or an event; most often, a monument, garden, park, or building is erected to officiate the commemoration. In 1951, the Luftbrückendenkmal (Berlin Airlift Memorial) was built in front of the Tempelhof Airport entrance in memory of the victims of the airlift (visitBerlin, n.d.a).

Figure 5: Berlin Airlift Memorial.

Figure 6: Close-up of the Berlin Airlift Memorial.

Figure 7: Inscription on the base of the Berlin Airlift Memorial (translates as “They lost their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service for the Berlin Airlift 1948/49”.

Content references

Mohr, R. (2008, April 25). The myth of berlin’s tempelhof: The mother of all airports. Spiegel Online International. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-myth-of-berlin-s-tempelhof-the-mother-of-all-airports-a-549685-2.html

Smee, J. (2010, May 22). Trail of the unexpected: Tempelhof park, berlin. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/trail-of-the-unexpected-tempelhof-park-berlin-1979569.html

Tempelhofer Freiheit. (n.d.). The “gateway to the world”. Retrieved from http://www.tempelhoferfreiheit.de/en/about-tempelhofer-freiheit/history/symbol-of-freedom/gateway-to-the-world/

VisitBerlin. (n.d.a). Airlift memorial. Retrieved from http://www.visitberlin.de/en/spot/airlift-memorial

VisitBerlin. (n.d.b). Tempelhofer Park. Retrieved from http://www.visitberlin.de/en/spot/tempelhofer-park

 

Picture references

Mohr, R. (2008, April 25). The myth of berlin’s tempelhof: The mother of all airports. Spiegel Online International. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-myth-of-berlin-s-tempelhof-the-mother-of-all-airports-a-549685.html     [Figure 3]

Essential Content. (n.d.). Tempelhof airport. Retrieved from http://berlininpictures.com/tempelhof-airport-berlin-germany.html     [Figure 5-6]

Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg. (2012). Tempelhof airport. Retrieved from http://www.berlin-airport.de/en/press/media-centre/photos/2008/tempelhof/index.php?cid=1417053     [Figure 2]

Smee, J. (2010, May 22). Trail of the unexpected: Tempelhof park, berlin. The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/trail-of-the-unexpected-tempelhof-park-berlin-1979569.html     [Figure 4]

Tempelhofer Freiheit. (n.d.). Picture gallery. Retrieved from http://www.tempelhoferfreiheit.de/en/about-tempelhofer-freiheit/history/national-socialism/architecture/picture-gallery/     [Figure 1]

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Berlin Airlift Monument. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InschriftLuftbruckendenkmal.JPG     [Figure 7]

(Blog #9) Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.

One of the best universities in Central Europe, Jagiellonian University was founded in 1364 by King Casimir the Great with permission from the Pope (Waltoś, n.d.). It was the second university to be founded in the region, preceeded only by Charles University in Prague in 1348. The structure of its early academics is interesting. Called the Studium Generale in the beginning, the school had only three faculties: liberal arts, medicine, and law. The Pope did not approve of a faculty of theology because it was, at that time, considered the most prestigious discipline, and thus, not just for anybody. Seemingly nothing out of the ordinary, the structure reflects “the entire medieval world [which] was based on a hierarchical system, with religious matters considered most crucial … and thus liberal arts, that is philosophy, held the humblest position” (Waltoś, n.d.).

Figure 1: Jagiellonian University.

Figure 2: Jagiellonian University.

This idea of academic/school structure reflecting social conditions is a recurring theme for me this semester. In the case of Jagiellonian University, it isn’t all that surprising to see how theology occupied the top of the intellectual niche since it was the medieval period. But what about today? Difference in the type of syllabus offered is telling, too, but it’s so subtle that it’s easily overlooked. And by difference I mean offering a certain course (and along with that, certain skills) to one group but not the other. A lot of times it’s the tiniest detail that makes the biggest impression. Huh.

 

Content reference

Waltoś, S. (n.d.). History. Retrieved from http://www.uj.edu.pl/en/uniwersytet/historia

 

Picture references

Krakow4You.net. (n.d.). Jagiellonian university in krakow. Retrieved from http://krakow4you.net/sights/jagiellonian-university.html     [Figure 1]

Science and Scholarship in Poland. (2012). Jagiellonian university is the best university in poland. Retrieved from http://www.naukawpolsce.pap.pl/en/news/news,390037,jagiellonian-university-is-the-best-university-in-poland.html     [Figure 2]

(Blog #8) Széchenyi Thermal Bath, Budapest, Hungary

Figure 1: Széchenyi Thermal Bath.

I hope your first reaction was, “is that a bath or a palace?”, because it sure was mine. The grandiose appearance could’ve fooled me.

So, apparently, that palace-looking structure is indeed a bath, in fact, one of the largest spa complexes in Europe. It is also the first thermal bath in the Pest section of Budapest (Széchenyi, 2012b). It came into existence thanks to the effort of Vilmos Zsigmondy, a mining engineer, who successfully carried out deep borings in the City Park (Széchenyi, 2012b). At that site in 1881, an “Artesian bath” was in operation, but its temporary nature made it unable to cope with increasing demands for the bath (Széchenyi, 2012b). As a result, the a Baroque palace-like Széchenyi Thermal Bath was built using Gyozo Czigler’s plans (Széchenyi, 2012b).

Figure 2: Széchenyi Thermal Bath.

Today, the complex has a capacity of 15 indoor pools, 3 outdoor pools, and 10 saunas/steam chambers (Széchenyi, 2012a). The complex gets its water supply from a hot-spring whose water contains calcium, magnesium, hydro-carbonate, sodium, sulphate, fluoride, and metaboric acid (Széchenyi, 2012c). There is also a “drinking well” consisting of “healing water with calcium, magnesium, hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulphate, alcalics, and fluoride” (Széchenyi, 2012c). If that still hasn’t caught your interest, “The reconstruction of the pools of the swimming section, their equipment with water filtering and circulation devices was completed in 1999. The so-called fancy bath includes a whirling corridor, underwater effervescence production, neck shower, water beam back massage installed in the sitting banks and many other services” (Széchenyi, 2012b).

Figure 3: Széchenyi Thermal Bath.

Interested? If yes, here’s a video to further excite you:

If no, I’m not sure we can be friends.

Content references

Széchenyi. (2012a). Bath units of széchenyi thermal bath. Retrieved from http://www.szechenyibath.hu/bath-units

Széchenyi. (2012b). History of széchenyi thermal bath. Retrieved from http://www.szechenyibath.hu/history

Széchenyi. (2012c). Water composition of széchenyi thermal bath. Retrieved from http://www.szechenyibath.hu/water-composition

 

Picture references

http://www.szechenyibath.hu/     [Figure 1-3]

(Blog #7) Wachau Valley Vineyards, Vienna, Austria.

Figure 1: Map showing the location of Wachau.

I’ve been told (repeatedly) that the day we venture out to the countryside of Vienna on a bike and wine tour will be the highlight of the trip. After my biking adventure mishap recently (you know how everybody says “it’s like riding a bike – it comes naturally”? Not true. Trust me), I’m not entirely looking forward to wine tasting anymore. For now.

Anyhow, I came across the following video and I think maybe – just maybe – biking mishaps aren’t that big of a deal. Bruises will heal – but I cannot find another Wachau Valley elsewhere!

Did I mention that Wachau’s architecture, agriculture, and urban design are so wonderful such that Wachau is listed on UNESCO’s List of World Heritage Sites (UNESCO, 2014)? Wachau stretches along the Danube Valley between Melk and Krems, carries a riverine landscape bordered by mountains …. actually, I’ll just show you:

Figure 2: Wachau.

In short, bumps and bruises bike and wine – here I come!

 

Content reference

UNESCO. (2014). Wachau cultural landscape. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/970

 

Picture references

http://taylorlynngray.wordpress.com/tag/wine/     [Figure 1]

Jakob Hürner. (2008). Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/970/gallery/     [Figure 2]

(Blog #6) Turkish Immigration in Austria.

This topic option caught my eye, because, well, what about Turks in Austria?

I know how incredibly ignorant that just sounded. I really do. Hence why I decided to write one of my post for Vienna on Turkish immigration, so that I can answer my own question.

According to the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (MRG) (2005), in Austria, Turks form the largest immigrant group and the leading group seeking citizenship, and account for the majority of Muslims. In 1979, Islam was recognized as an official religion and a representative council was set up. From then on, Turkish-language education was offered to Turkish schoolchildren in Vienna and other provinces with the goal that those children “should ultimately return to Turkey”. Left-wing Turkish organizations in Vienna are also linked to the Austrian Socialist Party and the Green Party, “both of which have adopted Turkish candidates generally and non-Austrian Turkish candidates in the 2005 Viennese district” (MRG, 2005).

Following an agreement between Austria and Turkey in 1964, Turks were recruited to Austria as Gastarbeiter (guest workers) in the construction and export industries. From 1971 onwards, Turkish migrants also included Turkish and Kurdish political refugees. However, a stream of regulations and policies were enacted between 1973 and 2006, resulting in more restrictive conditions for Turkish migrants working in Austria (MRG, 2005).

And then I came across a news article titled “Austria treats Turks ‘like a virus’, ambassador claims” (Traynor, 2010). Erm, wow.

Apparently, Turkey’s ambassador in Vienna, Kadri Ecved Tezcan, accused the Austrian public and political elites of xenophobia. He claimed that a quarter million people with Turkish roots in Austria were “forced to live in ghettos amid an ignorant and hostile host population whose political leaders pandered to xenophobia and competed for the anti-immigrant vote” (Traynor, 2010). “Apart from on holiday, Austrians are not interested in other cultures. Austria was an empire with various ethnic groups. It should be used to living with foreigners. Why have you given citizenship to 110,000 Turks? The Turks are happy, they want nothing from you. They just don’t want to be treated like a virus” (Tezcan, qtd. in Traynor, 2010).

I feel like Austria kind of slipped off our class discussions a little, because this issue is just…huge. The trip just became more interesting, that’s for sure!

 

Content references

Traynor, I. (2010, November 11). Austria treats turks ‘like a virus’, ambassador claims. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/11/austria-treats-turks-like-virus-ambassador-claims

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. (2005). Austria: Turks. Retrieved from http://www.minorityrights.org/1907/austria/turks.html

(Blog #5) Brno Exhibition Centre, Brno, Czech Republic.

Brno, the capital – and largest – city of Czech Republic’s eastern province Moravia, is known among locals to be “a likable place where not much actually happens” (Lonely Planet, 2013, p. 138). Nevertheless, Brno was at one time a leading centre of experimental architecture in the early 20^th century (Lonely Planet, 2013), and it remains remarkable for its unique functionalist architecture today (Brno, 2013). Reflective of this reputation is the Brno Exhibition Centre, one of the most elegant exhibition sites in Europe today. Stretching across an area of 650m² in Pisárky valley, it was founded in 1928 and was designed by some of the most well-known Czech and Moravian functionalist architects (Czech Republic, 2013).

Czech Republic has a strong tradition of hosting trade fairs and exhibitions, and more than 60% of the fairs are held at the Brno Exhibition Centre (Discover CZ, 2010). Prior to 1938, no international trade fairs were hosted in Brno; the first international trade fair did not take place until 1959, focusing on mechanical engineering (Discover CZ, 2010). Today, the Brno Exhibition Center hosts a variety of international trade fairs on an annual basis (Czech Republic, 2013).

Figure 1: Brno Exhibition Centre.

Figure 2: Brno Exhibition Centre.

Figure 3: Brno Exhibition Centre.

Figure 4: Brno Exhibition Centre.

 

Content references

Brno. (2013). About brno. Retrieved from http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en&nav01=20608&nav02=20617

Czech Republic. (2013). The brno exhibition centre. Retrieved from http://www.czechtourism.com/c/brno-exhibition-centre/

Discover CZ. (2010). Trade fairs and exhibitions. Retrieved from http://www.czech.cz/en/Discover-CZ/Facts-about-the-Czech-Republic/Economic-facts/Trade-fairs-and-exhibitions

Lonely Planet. (2013). Brno.

 

Picture references

BVV Trade Fairs Brno. (2014). Brno Exhibition Centre. Retrieved from http://www.bvv.cz/en/media/photo-gallery/bvv-brno-exhibition-centre/     [Figure 1-4]

(Blog #4) Nové Butovice, Prague, Czech Republic.

Nové Butovice is a station on Line B of Prague Metro, the rapid transit network serving the city.

Figure 1: Prague metro map.

Opened in 1988, Nové Butovice station is 5.3 metres deep (underground metro) and consists of two ticket halls (Prague Metro, n.d.b). The station extended Line B from Praha-Smíchov station to the southwestern suburbs of Prague (Prague Metro, n.d.a). Before Zličín, the terminus of Line B, opened in 1994, Nové Butovice was the only station serving the entire southwest suburbs; as a result, a bus terminal was also built at Nové Butovice station (Prague Metro, n.d.a).

Figure 2: Ticket hall of Nové Butovice station.

Figure 3: Platform at Nové Butovice station.

A nearby attraction is a shopping centre called “Galerie Butovice”.

The Prague Metro system opened its first line in May 1974. At that time, Czechoslovakia was a starkly different place: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized political power in 1948 by staging a coup, and Antonín Novotný became president (Crous, 2014). Since the metro system developed under communist rule, a lot of the stations had names that were linked to communist personalities or promoted a communist ideology (Crous, 2014). Between 1967 and 1985, a total of 12 stations had such names, and all 12 were subsequently renamed after Czechoslovakia transitioned to democracy in February 1990 (Crous, 2014).

Nové Butovice was one of the 12 stations with communism-linked names. At the time of its opening in 1988, the station was called Dukelská in memory of the Battle of Dukla Pass (situated on the border of present-day Poland and Slovakia), an important event that took place during World War II in which the Czechoslovak army fought alongside the Soviet Red Army against the advancing Nazi troops (Crous, 2014).

 

Content references

Crous, A. (2014, May 16). #FlashbackFriday: The old names of prague’s metro stops. Prague Post. Retrieved from http://www.praguepost.com/166-expats-in-cz/39076-flashbackfriday-the-old-names-of-prague-s-metro-stops

Prague Metro. (n.d.a). Nové Butovice. Retrieved from http://metro.angrenost.cz/b/nb.php

Prague Metro. (n.d.b). Stations. Retrieved from http://metro.angrenost.cz/stations.php

 

Picture references

Prague Metro. (n.d.). Nové Butovice. Retrieved from http://subway.umka.org/map-prague/line-b/nove-butovice.html     [Figure 1]

Prague Metro. (n.d.a). Nové Butovice. Retrieved from http://metro.angrenost.cz/b/nb.php     [Figure 2-3]

(Blog #3) Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Leipzig, Germany.

With a population of 534,922, the city of Leipzig is relatively small compared to the German capital city of Berlin (>3.5 million) (City of Leipzig, 2014b). So, what can Leipzig possibly have that Berlin doesn’t?

Figure 1: Platform at Leipzig Hauptbahnhof.

A railway station. The largest railway station in the world. (Sorry, Berlin).

One of 8 long-distance railway hubs in the country, the Leipzig Hauptbahnhof accommodates up to 1000 local and long-distance trains and 135,000 travellers and visitors per day (City of Leipzig, 2014c).

The station was constructed between 1902 and 1915 and began operating in 1915 (City of Leipzig, 2014a). With about 80,000m² and 24 platforms, it underwent extensive renovations in the 1990s (Step Into German, 2014) and reopened in 1997 with an addition of the Promenaden Hauptbahnhof, a shopping and service centre (City of Leipzig, 2014a). The Promenaden Hauptbahnhof consists of more than 140 stores across 3 levels (Promenaden Hauptbahnhof, 2011)! In 2011, the station was voted “German Train Station of the Year” (Step Into German, 2014).

Figure 2: Outside view of Leipzig Hauptbahnhof.

Figure 3: Interior of Promenaden Hauptbahnhof.

I don’t think words can capture the wonders of this station (and the mall!). Thus, click HERE for a virtual tour! You can also explore any corner of Leipzig you want on the site. It can be vertigo-inducing, so don’t say I didn’t warn you. Have fun!

 

Content references

City of Leipzig. (2014a). History. Retrieved from http://english.leipzig.de/leipzig-international/city-of-leipzig/history/

City of Leipzig. (2014b). Leipzig in comparison with other cities. Retrieved from http://english.leipzig.de/leipzig-international/city-of-leipzig/leipzig-in-figures/leipzig-in-comparison-with-other-cities/

City of Leipzig. (2014c). Rail traffic. Retrieved from http://english.leipzig.de/leipzig-international/city-of-leipzig/infrastructure/rail-traffic/

Promenaden Hauptbahnhof. (2011). Herzlich willkommen. Retrieved from http://www.promenaden-hauptbahnhof-leipzig.de/das-center/ueber-uns/

Step Into German. (2014). Leipzig – city of music, books and revolutions. Retrieved from http://www.goethe.de/ins/us/saf/prj/sig/gem/cip/lei/enindex.htm

 

Picture references

City of Leipzig. (2014). Rail traffic. Retrieved from http://english.leipzig.de/leipzig-international/city-of-leipzig/infrastructure/rail-traffic/     [Figure 1]

Promenaden Hauptbahnhof. (2011). Herzlich willkommen. Retrieved from http://www.promenaden-hauptbahnhof-leipzig.de/das-center/ueber-uns/     [Figure 3]

http://www.alemanhaporquenao.com/2010/11/mochilao-de-trem-pela-alemanha-pura.html     [Figure 2]

(Blog #2) Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal (Bismarck Memorial), Berlin, Germany.

What do you do if you want to honor an individual? Erect a monument for them.

Which is precisely what Germany did.

Many, many times.

But not just for any individual, because the individual honored is Prince Otto von Bismarck. Considered “the diplomatic founding father of the Second German Empire” (Johnson, 2011, p. 152) for unifying Germany, Bismarck was the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia and the first Chancellor of the German Empire. Basically, the guy without which the Germany as we know it today would probably not exist.

One of the many, many Bismarck statues in Germany is the Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal. Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1895 announced a competition to have a Bismarck national monument stand before the Reichstag (World Visit Guide, n.d.). Otto Lessing emerged the winner, but a second competition was held in 1896-97 to give a second chance to Wilhelm II’s favourite sculptor, Reinhold Begas (World Visit Guide, n.d.). Begas won, and the result was the Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal dedicated in 1901 to Bismarck (World Visit Guide, n.d.).

Originally located in front of the Reichstag (see Figure 1), the statue today is located in the Tiergarten in Berlin (see Figure 2). The statue was moved to its current position in 1938 as part of Adolf Hitler’s project to renew Berlin during the Nazi years (Peacock, 2011).

Figure 1: Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal in front of the Reichstag in the 1900s.

Figure 2: Still image from Google Maps of the Tiergarten in Berlin (the Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal circled in red).

In her article Futures Past: Monumental Memorials of Modern Berlin, Leila Peacock (2011) describes the statue this way: “He struts boldly, flanked by allegorical figures: atlas holding up the world, Siegfried forging a sword to celebrate German industrial might, Germania pinning a panther symbolising the suppression of rebellion, and a sibyl reclining on a sphinx reading the book of history”.

Figure 3: Front view of the Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal.

You might ask, “but Bismarck wasn’t even German!?”. That is correct – as mentioned earlier, Bismarck was a Prussian. Indeed, he “did not want to unify Germany so much as he wanted to “Prussianize” it” (Johnson, 2011, p. 152). That said, what statues like the Bismarck-Nationaldenkmal reflect is what Germans as a whole consider as part of its national historical consciousness. You erect a monument for someone only if they mean something to you, if they’re important and worthy of remembrance. Clearly, Germany deem Bismarck – German or not – as important and worthy of remembrance. This is why I think commemoration is such an interesting aspect of history. To know what matters and what doesn’t to a person, family, society, or country, look to what is commemorated. But also look at what isn’t commemorated, because that’s where you usually find the stories to complete the narrative told by what is commemorated.

 

Content references

Johnson, L. (2011). Central europe: Enemies, neighbors, friends. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Peacock, L. (2011). Futures past: Monumental memorials of modern berlin. The White Review, 1. Retrieved from http://www.thewhitereview.org/features/futures-past-monumental-memorials-of-modern-berlin/

World Visit Guide. (n.d.). Otto von bismarck memorial. Retrieved from http://worldvisitguide.com/oeuvre/O0032984.html

 

Picture references

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Berlin. Retrieved from http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Berlin_Reichstag_mit_Bismarck_Denkmal_um_1900.jpg&filetimestamp=20060421212037     [Figure 1]

Google Maps. (2014). Tiergarten. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/@52.5161195,13.3538638,1361m/data=!3m1!1e3     [Figure 2]

World Visit Guide. (n.d.). Photos. Retrieved from http://worldvisitguide.com/oeuvre/photo_ME0000114674.html     [Figure 3]